CHAPTER 1

UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF ADR

 

A.    INTRODUCTORY REFLECTIONS

1.      What is Law?

2.      What are the Characteristics of a Good Law?

3.      What is a Legal System?

4.      What are the Qualities of a Good Legal System?

(a)     Easy

(b)     Detailed

(c)     Predictable

(d)     Accessible

(e)     Flexible

(f)      Ethical

(g)     Effective

5.      Why Do We Need A Good Judicial System?

(a)     Search for A Better Approach

(b)     Court Is Not The Only Place

B.    MAJOR ISSUES RELATING TO ADR

1.      What Is An ADR?

(a)     Alternative Method

(b)     ADR - A Garland of Diverse Mechanisms

(c)     Non-Judicial procedure

(d)     Out of Court Approach

(e)     Complementary to Courts

(f)      Taxonomy of ADR: Different Nomenclatures

(i)       ADR - "Alternative" Dispute Resolution

(ii)      ADR - “Additional” Dispute Resolution

(iii)     ADR- “Amicable” Dispute Resolution

(iv)    ADR - "Appropriate" Dispute Resolution

(v)     ADR - "Assisted" Dispute Resolution

(vi)    ADM - "A...... Dispute Management"

(vii)   ADM - "A...... Decision-Making"

2.      Why should we have ADR Movement in India?

(a)   General

(b)   Reasons to Promote ADR In India

(i)       Speedy Relief

(ii)      Economical Alternative

(iii)     Best Approach

(iv)    Simple Modus Operandi

(v)     More Co-operative And Less Competitive

(vi)    Other Reasons

               (c)  Precautions In Working Out A Scheme of ADR

3.       Whether ADR Time Has Come?

(a)     Providing Machinery For Effective Enforcement of Rights

(b)     Why Does ADR Lead to Better Results?

(i)       Diverse Approaches

(ii)      Participation of Parties

(iii)     Role of Neutral

(iv)    Justice, Equity & Good Conscience

(v)     Problem-Solving Approach

(vi)    Domestic and Global Level Success

(vii)   Specially Suited Approach

(viii)  Complete Commercial Solutions

C.    WHAT ARE DIVERSE METHODS OF ADR?

(I)      Informal Methods

(1)     Forceful Private Enforcement

(2)     Escaping

(3)     Belief In God’s Justice

(4)     Decision By Societies’ Representative Body

(5)     Advice of Elderly People

(6)     Apology of Guilt

(7)     Nyaya Panchyats

(II)     Advance Methods

1.       Negotiation

(a)     Benefits of Negotiation

(b)     Fundamentals of Negotiation

(i)       Eagerness

(ii)      Influence

(iii)     Time Constraints

(iv)    Realization of Worthiness

(v)     Identification of Issues

(vi)    Area of Accord

(vii)   Consensual Participation

(c)     A Mixed Motive Exchange

(d)     Qualities of Good Negotiator

(i)       Concession-Making Process

(ii)      Strategies Employed by Negotiator

(iii)     Right Place & Right Atmosphere of Empathy & Sympathy

(iv)    BATNA & WATNA

2..... Mediation and Conciliation

(a)     General

(i)       Mediation and Conciliation- Interchangeable Terms

(ii)      Mediation and Conciliation-Definitions

(iii)     Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation-Distinction

(b)     Elements in Mediation

(c)     Mediation: Its Stages

(d)     Conciliator and Mediator

(i)       Qualities of Mediator and Conciliator

(1)     Understanding

(2)     Judgment

(3)     Intuition

(4)     Creativity

(5)     Trustworthiness

(6)     Authority

(7)     Empathy

(8)     Constructiveness

(9)     Flexibility

(10)   Independence

(ii)      Selection of Mediator and Conciliator

(e)     Strategies in Mediation

(f)      Methods of Mediation

(i)       Three Layer Mediator Panel

(ii)      Rent a Judge Program

(iii)     Quick Look Proceedings

(iv)    Mini Trials

(g)     Types of Disputes Resolved by Mediation

(h)     Mediation - A Season for All Things

(i)       Mediation in Business and Commerce

(ii)      Advantages of Mediation

(1)     Root Causes of the Problems

(2)     Communicative

(3)     Affable Neutrals

(4)     Pleasant Process

(5)     Voluntary Modus Operandi

(6)     Reduce Tensions

(7)     Easy Training

(8)     Speedier, Less Costly & Fairer

(9)     Dynamic Mediator

(10)   Both Parties Winner

(iii)     Global Relevance

(iv)    Future of Mediation

3..... Arbitration

(a)... General

(b).. Arbitration Proceedings

(c)... Arbitrators

(d).. Species of Arbitration

(i)      Commercial/Contractual Arbitration

(1)     Contractual Arbitration

(2)     Other Forms of Contract Arbitration

(ii)     Labour Arbitration

(iii)    Judicial Arbitration

(iv)   Court-Annexed Arbitration

(v)    Fast-Track Arbitration

(vi)   Ad-hoc Arbitration

(vii)  Institutional Arbitration

(viii) Statutory Arbitration

(e)    Advantages of Arbitration

(i)      Final & Binding

(ii)     Greater International Recognition

(iii)    Neutrality & Mutuality

(iv)   Choice of Arbitrators

(v)    Faster & Less Expensive

(vi)   Confidentiality

(III) Hybrid Techniques

1.       Mediation-Arbitration (Med-Arb)

(a)     General

(b)     Selection of a Med-Arb Facilitator

(c)     Variations of Med-Arb

(i)      Shadow Mediation

(ii)     Mediation Final Offer Selection (MFOS)

(iii)    Concilio-Arbitration

(d)     Advantages of Med-Arb

(e)     Drawbacks of Med-Arb

2.       Mini-Trial

(a)     General

(b)     Mini-Trial Proceedings

(c)     Role of the Neutral Adviser

(d)     Selection of Neutral Facilitator

(e)     Nature of Cases for Mini-Trial

3.       Neutral Listener Agreement

4.       MEDOLA

5.       Rent A Judge

6.       Michigan Mediation (Pre-Trial Mediation)

7.       Final Offer Arbitration

8.       Court Attached ADR System

9.       Court Ordered and Court Annexed Arbitration

10.     Concilio-Arbitration

11.     Court-Annexed Mediation

12.     Judicial Settlement Conferences

13.     Settlement Weeks

14.     Neutral Expert Fact Finding

(a)     General

(b)     The Neutral Fact-Finding Expert

(c)     Early Neutral Evaluation

15.     Judge Conciliators

16.     Multi-Door Court House

17.     Pre-Trials

(a)     Purpose of Pre-Trial

(b)     Procedure

18.   Self Government Courts

19.     Lok Adalats

(a)     General

(b)     Objectives of Lok Adalat Movement

(c)     Mini Lok Adalats

20.     Village Courts (Gram Nyayalayas)

21.     Mediation Centers

22.     Centers for Women

23.     Students Legal Services Clinic (SLSC)

24.     Mobile Courts

25.     Conciliation Courts

26.     Family Group Conference

27.     Collaborative Law

28.     Ombuds

29.     Online Dispute Resolution

30.     Cooperative Problem-Solving

31.     Dispute Panels

32.     Peer Review

33.     Partnering

34.     Negotiated Rule Making

35.     Interest-Based Problem-Solving

36.     Facilitation

D.    PROCESS SELECTION- ROLE OF COUNSELING

 

CHAPTER-2

DEVELOPMENT OF ADR

A.       HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

1.       Fight & Might to Social Discipline

2.       King Guided By Sacred Documents

B.       ADR IN ANCIENT INDIA

1.       Existence of Courts

2.       ADR in Ancient India

(a)     Diverse Categories of Courts in Ancient India

(i)       Kula (Gatherings or Family Council)

(ii)      Shreni (Corporation)

(iii)     Gana (Area Assembly)

(iv)    Adhikrita

(v)     Nripa

(vi)    Pratistitha

(vii)   Mudrita

(viii)  Sasita

(b)     Jurisdiction

3.       ADR in Mughal Period

(a)     Classification of Courts

(b)     Caste Courts and Panchayats

C.       DEVELOPMENT OF NYAYA PANCHAYATS IN INDIA

1.       Ancient Tradition

2.       Nyaya Panchayats    in Ancient India

3.       Nyaya Panchayats    in British India

4.       Nyaya Panchayats    in Independent India

D.       ADR DURING BRITISH REGIME

1.       Impact of English Rule

2.       ADR in British Command

(a)     Diverse Regulations

(b)     Civil Procedure Codes

(c)     Law Relating to Contract

(d)     Specific Relief Act, 1877

(e)     Arbitration Act, 1899

(f)      Arbitration Act, 1940

E.       ADR IN INDEPENDENT INDIA

1.       Situation before 1996

2.       Factors Leading to Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

(a)     Condemnation by Courts

(b)     Recommendations of RAC

(c)     Recommendations of Law Commission and Malimath Committee

(d)     Meeting of the Chief Ministers and Chief Justices

(e)     Representations from Various Bodies

(f)      Calcutta Resolution, 1994

(g)     UNCITRAL Model Law

3.       Enactment of Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 .7

(a)     Bill on Law of Arbitration and Conciliation

(b)     Salient Features of Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996

(c)     1996 Act- An Improvement over the Model Law

F.       INFORMAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION- A GLOBAL PRACTICE

G.      ADR- A TRADITION IN ALL COUNTRIES

 

CHAPTERS-3

 INDIAN JUDICIARY AND JUSTICE

A.       CIVILIZED GOVERNANCE AND RIQHT OF JUSTICE

1.       What is Judiciary?

2.       Why Justice Is So Important?

3.       Administration of Justice

B.       A CONSPECTUS OF INDIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM

1.       Be Buried or Build Anew- Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer

2.       Is Indian Judicial System Collapsing?

(a)     Basis of Pyramid of Justice Shaking:-Subordinate Judiciary

(b)     Confidence in Judicial System Trembling

3.       Hunt For Cheap, Simple & Speedy Options

C.       DRAWBACKS OF INDIAN JUDICIAL PANOROMA

1.       Anglo-Saxon Legacy

2.       Severity and Enormity of Judicial Crisis

(a)     Appearances of Cracks & Fatigue

(b)     Limitations of Indian Judicial Format

(1)     Crashing Under Weight of Arrears

(i)       Falling Standards of Superior Judiciary

(ii)      Enormous Inflow of Cases & Heavy Arrears

(iii)     Highlighting Ancillary Channels

(2)     Low Ratio of Judges to Population

(i)       Comparison With Developed Countries

(ii)      Unfilled Vacancies

(iii)     Gigantic Task before Indian Judiciary

(iv)    Augmentation of Judges Strength

(3)     Inquisitorial Role of Judge

(i)       Need of Inquisitorial System

(ii)      German Legal System: A Model

(4)     Delay-Scourge of Indian Legal System

(i)       Courts of Giving Dates

(ii)      Reasons of Delay

(a)     Service of Summons

(b)     Frequent Adjournments

(c)     Lengthy Arguments

(d)     Liberal System of Appeals

(e)     Bonafide Justice-Correction not Rejection

(5)     Outdated Methodology & Need of Judicial Training

(i)     Integrated Computerized System

(ii)    Proper Infrastructure & Research Staff

(iii)   Proper Recruitment & Training of Judicial Officers

(6)     Litigation- An Expensive Affair

(i)       Financial Burden on Litigant

(ii)      Why Litigation Costs Are So High?

(a)     Highly Structured Procedure

(b)     Categories of Advocates

(c)     Irrational and High Fees

(d)     Stretched Long Trials

(e)     Multiplicity and High Cost of Appeals

(7)     Common Litigant-The Neglected Segment in Judicial Anatomy

(i)      Judicial Anatomy

(ii)     The Plight of the Litigant and the Problems of the Court

(8)     Procedural Clap-Traps: Complex Formalities

(i)      Vested Interests in Procedure

(ii)     Intricate Language

(iii)    Autonomous Procedure

(iv)   Courts of Law Not of Justice

(9)     Quest for Justice-Decision Not Always Just

(i)      The Concept of Justice

(ii)     Decision Not Always Just

(iii)    Gladiatorial Justice

(iv)   Discrimination Against the Poor

(v)    Rough Justice v. Real Justice

(vi)   Fostering Frivolous Litigation

(10)  Outdated Laws

(i)      Outdated Methodology

(ii)     Reports on Judicial Reform

(a)    Law Commission’s Reports

(b)    Reports by Legal Luminaries

C.    EVALUATION OF NEGOTIATED JUSTICE (ADR)

1.       Merits of ADR

(a)    Efficacy

(b)    Superior Solution

(c)    Flexibility

(d)    Result Oriented

(e)    Lawyers’ Role

(f)     Lessening Workload of Courts

(g)    Specialist Neutrals

(h)    Hybrid Processes

(i)      Extensive Choice of Remedies

(j)      Better Party Participation

2.       Demerits of ADR

(a)     Not A Magical Pill For Every Case

(b)     Prerequisite of Consent

(c)     Unfamiliarity

(d)     Disproportionate Negotiating Power

(e)     Greater Co-operation Needed

(f)      High Fess

(g)     Wastage of Time & Money

3.       Distinction-ADR & Adjudication

(a)     Resource of Ethics

(b)     Determination

(c)     Compromise

(d)     Help v. Rule

(e)     Dialogue

(f)      Command

(g)     Inquiry to Relationship

(h)     Application

(i)       Focus

(j)     Cultural Facts

(k)    Value

(1)     Rules

(m)   Law

(n)    Facts

(o)    Questions

(p)    Presentation

(q)    Decision

(r)    Interaction

(s)    Outcome

(t)    Control of Process

(u)    Control of End Result

D.       JUDICIAL SYSTEM NEEDS OVERHAULING

1.       Indian Judicial Setup

2.       Peculiar Problems in Indian Courts

3.       Corruption in Judicial Sector

4.       Globalizing Neo-Liberal Drive

5.       Micro-Management of Functions

6.       No Easy Solutions

7.       Solution: Effective ADR Methods

 

CHAPTER 4

INDIAN LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

A.       UNCERTAINITY OF LAW

1.       Pursuit for Justice: An Indian Ideal

2.       Break Down of Judicial Vista

B.       INDIAN STATUTORY STRUCTURE

(I)       Indian Constitution

1.       Constitutional Context of ADR

2.       Preamble

3.       Right to Speedy Trial—A Part of Right to Life

4.       Obligation of State to Promote Equal Justice and Free Legal Aid

(II)      The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908

1.       Suits By or Against Government (S. 80, O. 27)

(a)     Objective of Provision

(b)     Changes by Orders

(i)       Name of Government

(ii)      Notice to Central Government

(iii)     Notice to State Government

(c)     Procedural Privileges

(i)       Local Hearing

(ii)      Priority

(iii)     Timely Notice

(d)     Execution of Decrees

2.       Family Suits (0.32)

3.       Examination of Parties by the Court (Order-X)

4.       Part V—Special Proceedings (Arbitration) Section 89

(a)     CPC (Amendment) Bill, 1999

(b)     Justice Malimath Committee Report

(c)     Pre-Existing Provisions of CPC

(d)     Section 89—Settlement of Disputes outside the Court

(e)     Section 89—A Critical Evaluation

(i)       Implementation of Section 89-Literal or Actual

(ii)      Interpretation of Section 89

(iii)     Decision of Appropriate Process U/S. 89

(1)     Merits & Demerits of Process

(2)     Consent of Parties

(a)     Arbitration

(b)     Conciliation

(c)     LokAdalat, Mediation and Judicial Settlement

(iv)    Settlement in ADR Process-Bindingness

(v)     Procedure Under Section 89

(1)     Preliminary Hearing

(2)     Consideration of Case

(3)     Reference to ADR Process

a)       Arbitration

b)       Conciliation

c)       Other Three ADR Process

i)        LokAdalat

ii)       Mediation

iii)      Judicial Settlement

(4)     Settlement

a)       Making a Decree

b)       Settlement Beyond Submission

c)       Illegal Terms in Settlement

(5)     Following The Consequential Aspects

a)       Consent in Arbitration/Conciliation

b)       Merit in Other ADR Process

c)       Brief Reference

d)       Avoid Bias

e)       Keep Track of The Matter

f)        Sending the Record of Case

(6)     Procedure: Only General Guidelines

(7)     Section 89 of C.P.C. and Section 8 of AC Act

(8)     Acceptability of Court As An Arbitrator

(III)     The Family Courts Act, 1984

1.       Objective of Family Courts Act, 1984  

2.       Chapter IV—Procedure (Section 9)

(IV)    Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

1.       Decree in Proceedings

2.       Reconciliation

(V)     The Industrial Dispute Act, 1947

1.       Main Object of the Industrial Disputes Act

2.       Authorities Under the Act

(a)     Works Committee

(b)     Conciliation Officer

(c)     Boards of Conciliation

(d)     Courts of Inquiry

(e)     Adjudication

(i)       Labour Courts

(ii)      Industrial Tribunals

(iii)     National Tribunals

(f)      Grievance Settlement Authorities

(g)     Chief Labour Commissioner (Central)

(h)     Other Systems

3.       Finality of Orders Constituting Boards (Section 9)

4.       Reference of Disputes to Boards, Courts or Tribunals (Chapter V)

(a)     Reference of Disputes (Section 10)

(b)     Reference of Industrial Dispute

(i)       Sultan Singh Case-A Landmark Verdict

(iii)     Scope of Reference under Section 10

(c)     Constitutional Validity of Section 10

5.       Voluntary Reference (Section 10-A)

(VI)    The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

1.       Origin of Arbitration and Conciliation Act

2.       Arbitration Provisions

(a)     General

(b)     Arbitration Agreements

(c)     Arbitral Tribunal

3.       Conciliation Provisions

(a)     General

(b)     Conciliators Stages:

(c)     Legal Effect of Settlement Agreement

(d)     Conciliator’s Procedure

(e)     Disclosure and Confidentiality

(f)      Admissions etc

(g)     Parallel Proceedings

(h)     Conciliator Not to Act as Arbitrator

(VII)   Indian Contract Act

1.       Void Agreements

2.       Agreement in Restraint of Legal Proceedings (Sec. 28)

3.       Analysis of Section 28

(a)     Agreement Absolutely Restraining Legal Proceedings

(b)     Agreement Limiting Time For A Legal Action

(i)       Agreement Extinguishing the Rights on Expiry of a Specified Period

(iii)     Amendment Act, 1997

(c)     Exceptions

(i)       Contract to Refer Future Dispute to Arbitration

(ii)      Contract to Refer Existing Questions to Arbitration

(VIII)  The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

1.       Legal Aid Movement In India - Its Development And Present Status

(a)     Meaning and Definition of Legal Aid

(b)     Constitution of India—Legal Aid Pledge

(c)     Development of Legal Aid-International Scenario

(d)     Development of Legal Aid-National Scenario

2.       The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

(a)     Objective of LSAA

(b)     Historical Background

(c)     Analysis of Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

(i)      Standing and Structure of Bodies Under LSAA

(1)     The National Legal Services Authority

a)   Composition of the Central Authority

b)  Functions of the Central Authority

c)  Coordination Between Central Authority and Agencies

d)  Schemes and Measures by the Central Authority

e)  Supreme Court Legal Services Committee

(2)     State Legal Services Authority

a)   Constitution of State Legal Services Authority

b)  Functions of the State Authority

c)  Coordination between State Authority and Agencies

d)  High Court Legal Services Committee

(3)     District Legal Services Authority

a)   Constitution of District Legal Services Authority

b)  Functions of District Authority

c)  Coordination Between District Authority And Other Agencies

(4)      Taluk Legal Services Committee

a)   Constitution of Taluk Legal Services Committee

b)  Functions of Taluk Legal Services Committee

(ii)    Lok Adalats

(1)      Organisation of Lok Adalats

(2)      Cognizance of Cases by Lok Adalats

(3)      Award of Lok Adalat

(4)      Powers of Lok Adalat

(5)      Types of Regular Lok Adalats

(a)      Continuous Lok Adalat

(b)      Daily LokAdalat

(c)      Mobile LokAdalat

(d)      Mega LokAdalat

(e)      National LokAdalat

(iii)      Pre-Litigation Conciliation and Settlement

(1)      Definitions

(2)      Establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats

(3)      Cognizance of Cases by Permanent Lok Adalat

(4)      Procedure of Permanent Lok Adalat

(5)      Finality of Award

C.       FINAL COMMENT

CHAPTER 5

ADR IN GLOBAL CONTEXT

A.       GLOBAL' NECESSITY OF ADR

1.       ADR Legislation- A Must for Each Country

2.       ADR in Developing & Developed Countries

B.       ADR IN DIVERSE COUNTRIES

(I)       ADR in United States of America

1.           Past Perspectives

2.           CDR Centers

3.           Dispute Resolution in Judicial Structure

(a)     Federal Courts

(b)     State Courts

(i)       California

(ii)      Connecticut

(iii)     Minnesota

(iv)    New Jersey

(v)     North Carolina

(vi)    Texas

4.           Government Agencies and ADR

5.           ADR in Commercial Sector

6.           ADR & USA Legal Firms

(II)      ADR in United Kingdom

1.       Civil Procedure Rules

2.       Small Claims Mediation at Manchester County Court

3.       Mediation Week

4.       National Mediation Helpline (NMH)

5.       The Proportionate Dispute Resolution Team

6.       Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution (CEDR)

7.       Pilot Schemes

8.       Civil Mediation Council

(III)     ADR in Australia

1.       Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (ACPACS) .. 266

(a)     5-8 October 2006, Brisbane: Mediation Course

(b)     20-21 October 2006, UQ St Lucia Campus: Advanced Mediation Course

(c)     23-26 November 2006, Brisbane: Mediation Course

2.       Bond Dispute Resolution News

3.       Asia Pacific Mediation Forum Peace Prize

(a)     Asia-Pacific Mediation Forum Conference, Fiji, 26-30 June 2006

(b)     UNESCO Prize for Peace Education 2006

4.       Mediator Accreditation

5.       Australian National Mediation Conference, Hobart, May 2006

6.       The Alternative Dispute Resolution Association of Queensland (‘ADRAQ’)

(a)     General

(b)     Mission

(c)     Objectives

(d)     Benefits of Membership

(e)     Activities

(i)       General Meetings

(ii)      Annual General Meetings

(iii)     Interests for Year 2000

7.       The Victorian Association for Dispute Resolution (VADR)

(a)     Objectives

(b)     Wide Range of Methods

8.       The South Australian Dispute Resolution Association (SADRA)

(a)     General

(b)     Objectives of SADRA

9.       National Mediator Accreditation Committee

10.     Mediation Standards Board

(IV)    ADR in Sri Lanka

1.       Employment Mediation

2.       Mediation

(a)     Conciliation Boards Act, 1958

(b)     Mediation Boards Act, 1988

(i)       Legal Framework

(ii)      Independence

(iii)     Training

(iv)    Categories of Disputes

(v)     Commercial Mediation

(vi)    Informal Environment

(vii)   High Settlement Rate

(viii)  Voluntary Settlement

(ix)    Recourse

(c)     Mediation at Appellate Court Level

3.       Arbitration

(a)     Arbitration Act, 1995

(b)     The Salient Features of the Act

(c)     Sri Lankan Arbitration Act and Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act: A Comparison

(d)     Sri Lanka National Arbitration Centre

(V)     ADR in Hong Kong

1.       General

2.       ADR in Hong Kong

(a)     Hong Kong- A Good Arbitration Venue

(b)     Hong Kong Legal System

(c)     Chartered Institute of Arbitrators

(d)     Mediation- A Traditional Concept

(e)     Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC)

(f)      ADR in Shipping Industry

(g)     ADR in Construction Industry

(i)       Hong Kong- A Vibrant and Exciting City

(ii)      Dispute Resolution

(1)     Two Sets of Arbitration Rules

(2)     Government Contracts-Three Stage Program

(3)     Standing Dispute Review Board

(4)     Dispute Resolution Adviser

(h)     ADR in Securities and Stocks

(i)       Hong Kong- Emerging Dispute Resolution Centre

(VI)    ADR in New Zealand

1.       Historical Background

2.       Arbitration Act, 1996

(a)     General legislation

(b)     Specific legislation

3.       Other ADR Procedures

(a)     Statutory systems

(b)     Private Use

4.       The Arbitrators’ And Mediators’ Institute of New Zealand Inc. 297

5.       The Massey University- Dispute Resolution Course

C.       GLOBAL ADR INSTITUTIONS

1.       Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

2.       World Trade Organization (WTO)

3.       International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

4.       Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)

5.       United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)

6.       Institute for the Study and Development of Legal Systems

7.       Institute for Mediation and Conflict Resolution

8.       Other Treaties

D.       ONLINE ADR SYSTEM

1.       Functioning of the Online ADR System   

2.       Assessment of Online Institutions

(a)    Better Business Bureau Online: www.bbbonline.com

(b)     Clickosettle.com

(c)     Squaretrade.com

(d)     Settleonline.com

(e)     Eresolution.ca

(f)      Wecansettle.com

(g)     www.onlineresolution.com

3.       Recent Developments in Online ADR

4.       Providing Online Resolution In India-Potential & Prospect

 

CHAPTER 6

EMERGING PERSPECTIVES IN INDIA

A.       ADR—CONSTITUTIONAL GOAL OF JUSTICE

1.       Establishment of Administrative Tribunals

2.       ADR—Part of Natural Justice and Rule of Law

B.       ADR TRENDS IN INDIA

(I)       ADR in Action in Indian States

1.       Andaman & Nicobar

2.       Andhra Pradesh

3.       Bihar

4.       Chandigarh

5.       Delhi Mediation Programme in Delhi

6.       Goa

7.       Gujrat

8.       Haryana

(a)     Counselling and Conciliation Centres

(b)     Permanent Lok Adalats Pertaining to Utility Services

9.       Himachal Pradesh

10.     Jammu & Kashmir

11.     Jharkhand

12.     Karnataka

13.     Kerala

14.     Madhya Pradesh

15.     Maharashtra

16.     Meghalaya

17.     Nagaland

18.     Odisha

19.     Punjab

20.     Rajasthan

21.     Sikkim

22.     Tamil Nadu

23.     Telangana

24.     Tripura

25.     Uttar Pradesh

26.     Uttarakhand

27.     West Bengal

(II)      IMPORTANT CONFERENCES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS

ON ADR IN INDIA

1.       International Conference on ADR and Case Management Conference Structure:

2.       Workshop on Amendments in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996

3.       Meeting of the Eastern Regional Executive Committee of ICA

4.       Interactive Meeting on ADR in Maritime Disputes

5.       Interactive Meeting of Experts on Arbitration

6.       Workshop on “ADR and Section 89 of the CPC”

7.       Seminar on “Counseling and Conciliation”

8.       Conference on ADR, Legal Literacy and Lok Adalat

9.       Seminar on the “Role of Judicial Officers and Lawyers and ADR”

10.     Workshop on “Mediation and Conciliation”

11.     Symposium on Lok Adalats As A Mode of ADR”

12.     Workshop on “ADR for Judicial Officers and Lawyers”

13.     Conference on “ADR, Conciliation and Mediation”

14.     Seminar/Workshop on “ADR”

15.     Workshop on "Importance of Mediation in Resolving Matrimonial Disputes"

16.     Workshop on “Alternative Dispute Resolution”

17.     Workshop on “Implementation of ADR”

18.     Seminar on ADR

19.     International Conference on ADR

20.     Meetings of Law Ministers and Law Secretaries

21.     Conference of Chief Ministers and the Chief Justices

22.     Conference of Chief Justices of High Courts and Chief Ministers of States

23.     Refresher Course on Mediation

24.     Seminar on Mediation and Role of Referral Judge

25.     Seminar on Justice for Migrants

26.     NALSA’s Regional Conference On Child

27.     Conference On Unorganized Workers

28.     Workshop on Transgender People

29.     Conference on North-East People

30.     Workshop on ADR Methods

31.     Seminar on Crime against Women and Senior Citizens

32.     Workshop for Judicial Officers at Ambala

33.     Workshop for Sensitization on Juvenile Law

34.     Internship Programmes

35.     Raahgiri Day

36.     ACRM Programme

37.     Special Seminar-Cum-Workshop On VCS

38.     Seminar On Anti Drug Abuse

39.     Workshop On Legal Literacy Mission

40.     Regional Conference on Mediation

41.     Workshop cum Training Programme on Drugs Abuse

(III)     NYAYA PANCHAYATS IN INDIA

1.       General

2.       Nyaya Panchayats in India

3.       Failure of Nyaya-Panchyats: Analysis of Various Committees’ Reports

(a)     Maharastra Committee

(b)     The Study Team on Nayaya Panchayats

(c)     Gujrat Legal Aid Committee Report

(d)     Committee on National Juridicare

(e)     Paper of Law Commission of India

4.       Jurisdiction of Nyaya Panchayats

(a)     Civil Jurisdiction

(b)     Criminal Jurisdiction

5.       Need of Nyaya Panchayats

(IV)    GRAM NYAYALAYAS IN INDIA

1.       General

2.       Gram Nyayalayas in India

(a)     Concept of Gram Nyayalayas

(b)     Steps Taken By State Governments

(i)       Chhattisgarh

(ii)      Meghalaya

(iii)     Madhya Pradesh

(V)     LOK ADALATS IN INDIA

1.       General

2.       History of the Lok Adalat Movement

3.       Methodology

4.       Types of Cases at Lok Adalats

6.       Referral to Lok Adalats

a)       Case pending before the court

b)       Any dispute at Pre-Litigative Stage

7.       Resources and Achievements of Lok Adalats

(VI)    MOBILE COURTS IN MADHYA PRADESH

1.       General

2.       Analysis of Mobile Courts

3.       Impact of Mobile Courts

(a)     Acess to Adminstrative Departments