PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW—
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 NATURE AND SCOPE OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
1.2.1 Jurisdiction of Courts
1.2.2 Choice of Law
1.2.3 Recognition of Foreign Judgments
1.3 MEANING OF FOREIGN LAW
1.3.1 Why do we apply foreign law?
1.3.2 Harmonization of Private International Law
1.4 THEORIES OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
1.4.1 Statute theory
1.4.2 International Theory
1.4.3 Territorial theory or theory of acquired rights
1.4.4 Local Law Theory
1.4.5 Theory of Justice
1.5 STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
1.5.1 Era of the territorial law
1.5.2 Era of the personal laws
1.5.3 Era of Feudalism and City States
1.5.4 Era of Statutists
1.5.5 Modern Era
1.5.6 The English Private International Law
1.5.7 Evolution of Indian Private International Law
Chapter Two
2.1 MEANING AND BASIS OF JURISDICTION
2.2 BASIS FOR JURISDICTION
2.2.1 Actions inter partes
Bona vacantia
2.2 ASSUMED JURISDICTION OF THE ENGLISH COURTS
2.3 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON JURISDICTION
2.4 INDIAN LAW
(a) the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises
2.5.1 Defendant being engaged in some business with the jurisdiction
2.5.2 Rules under the Civil Procedure Code regarding service of summons
2.5.2.1 Substituted Service
2.5 SUBMISSION TO JURISDICTION
2.6.1 English Law
2.6.2 Indian Law
2.7 IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION
2.7.1 Immunity for Foreign State, its head and its departments
2.7.2 Diplomatic Representatives and Staff
2.7.3 International Organizations and their Representatives
2.8 WAIVER OF IMMUNITY
2.9 INDIAN LAW
2.10 WHO MAY FILE A SUIT?
2.11 INDIAN LAW
2.12 THE PRINCIPLE OF ‘LEX FORI'
2.12.1 Exception to the lex fori rule- Lex Causae
Chapter Three
CHARACTERISATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 THEORIES OF CHARACTERIZATION
3.2.1 Based on lex fori
Ogden v. Ogden
3.2.2 Characterization on the basis of lex causae
3.2.3 Two-fold classification theory
3.2.4 Comparative law based characterization
3.3 PROCESS OF CHARACTERIZATION AS FOLLOWED IN MOST COUNTRIES
3.3.1 Characterization of the factual situation
Anton v. Bartolo
De Nicols v. Curlier
Simonin v. Mallac
3.3.2 Characterization of the Connecting Factor
Estates Maldonado
3.3.3 Classification of a rule of law
Leroux v. Brown
Chapter Four
4.1 Process of Renvoi
4.1.1 Internal Law application
4.1.2 Single Renvoi
4.1.3 Total Renvoi
Collier v. Revaz
4.2 THEORIES OF RENVOI
4.2.1 Mutual disclaimer theory
4.2.2 The theory of Renvoi Proper
4.2.3 The Foreign Court Theory
4.3 THE DIFFICULTIES OF APPLYING THE PRINCIPLE OF RENVOI
4.4 INSTANCES OF THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF RENVOI
Chapter Five
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Ramsay v. Liverpool Royal Infirmary
5.2 ACQUISITION OF DOMICILE
5.2.1 No person can be without domicile
5.2.2 No person can have domicile at two places simultaneously
Lloyd v. Lloyd
5.2.3 Domicile denotes a connection with a territorial system of law
5.2.4 Presumption in favour of continuance of an existing domicile
5.3 DOMICILE OF INDEPENDENT PERSON
5.3.1 Domicile of Origin
In Re Lloyd-Evans
5.3.2 Domicile of choice
Loicis De Raedt v. Union of India
5.3.2.1 Residence
5.3.1.2 Intention
5.4 SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF PEOPLE AND STATUS OF DOMICILE
5.4.1 Refugees
Mandal v. Mandal
5.4.2 Fugitives
5.5 ABANDONMENT OF THE DOMICILE OF CHOICE
5.6 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DOMICILE OF ORIGIN AND DOMICILE OF CHOICE
5.7 DOMICILE OF DEPENDENTS'
5.7.1 Married women
5.7.2 Minor Children
5.7.2.1 Natural children
5.7.2.2 Adopted children
5.7.2.3 Domicile of the minor after the death of the parent
5.7.2.4 Domicile if parents have been separated
Chapter Six
ISSUES IN MARRIAGE AND MATRIMONIAL CAUSES
6.1 ISSUES IN POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES
Harvey v. Farnie
Sowa v. Sowa
Hyde v. Hyde
6.2 ISSUES ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE MARRIAGE
Nachimson v. Nachimson
6.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF MARRIAGE
Lee v. Lau
6.4 RECOGNITION OF POLYGAMOUS UNIONS - REASONS
Ali v. Ali
Cheni v. Cheni
Quraishi v. Quraishi
6.5 INDIAN LAW
Khambatta v. Khambatta
6.5.1 Statutory Provisions
6.6 VALIDITY OF MARRIAGE
6.6.1 Issues of Characterization
Apt v. Apt
6.6.2 Material validity English law
Brook v. Brook
Consent of parties
H v. H
Mehta v. Mehta
Pugh v. Pugh
Mette v. Mette
Chetti v. Chetti
Indian Law
Formal validity of the Marriage
Consular Marriages
6.7 MATRIMONIAL CAUSES
6.7.1 English Private International Law and the Dissolution of Marriage
6.7.1.1 Grounds for Divorce
6.8 JURISDICTION
6.8.1 Domicile
English Law
6.8.2 Habitual Residence
Indian law
Arthur Flowers v. Minnie Flowers
Murphy v. Murphy
Tara v. Jaipal Singh
6.9 CHOICE OF LAW
Zanelli v. Zanelli
Indian law
6.10 RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN DIVORCES
English Law
Lawrence v. Lawrence
Indian Law
6.11 NON-JUDICIAL DIVORCES
6.12 NON-RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN DIVORCES
6.12.1 Natural Justice
6.12.2 Public Policy
Kendall v. Kendall
Indian Law
6.13 NULLITY OF THE MARRIAGE
6.13.1 Circumstances when a marriage is treated as a Void
Marriage in English Law
6.13.2 Indian Law
6.13.2.1 Void Marriages
6.13.2.2 Voidable marriages
6.14 JURISDICTION OF THE COURTS
6.14.1 English law
6.14.2 Indian Law
6.15 RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN NULLITY DECREES
6.15.1 Domicile
Von Lorang v. Administrator of Austrian Property
6.15.2 Residence
6.15.3 Judicial Separation
6.15.3.1 English Law
6.15.3.2 Indian Law
6.15.4 Jurisdiction of courts in matters of judicial separation
Indian law
Recognition of Foreign Decrees of Judicial Separation
6.16 MATRIMONIAL RELIEF OF RESTITUTION OF CONJUGAL RIGHTS
6.17 ANCILLARY RELIEFS
Enforcement of Foreign Maintenance Orders
Foreign Custody Orders
In re B's Settlement
Harben v. Harben
Smt. Surinder Kaur Sandhu v. Harbax Singh Sandhu and Another
Chapter Seven
LAW OF PROPERTY
7.1 CHARACTERIZATION
Re Berchtold
7.1.1 Immovable Property
Lex situs—The meaning
7.2 JURISDICTION UNDER THE TRADITIONAL COMMON LAW RULES
Des Champs v. Millier
Re Polly Peck International plc
7.2.1 Exceptions to the Mozambique rule
7.2.2 Jurisdiction under the Brussels and Lugano Conventions
7.3 CHOICE OF LAW
7.4 CAPACITY TO TRANSFER IMMOVABLES
Bank of Africa Ltd. v. Cohen
7.4.1 Formal validity of the transfer
Lawrence v. Kitson
7.4.2 Material validity
7.4.3 Personal Jurisdiction in respect of Foreign Immovable
Property
Ewing v. Orr Ewing
7.4.3.1 In matters of contracts relating to foreign land
Penn v. Baltimore
7.4.3.2 Fraud and other unconscionable conduct
7.4.3.3 Fiduciary Relationship
7.5 INDIAN LAW
Mahadevv. Ramachandra
Giridhari v. Sheoraj
7.6 TRANSFER OF TANGIBLE MOVABLES
7.6.1 Theories governing transfer of tangible movables
7.6.1.1 Lex domicile
Sill v. Worswick
7.6.1.2 Lex Actus Theory
Alcock v. Smith
7.6.1.3 Lex situs theory
In re Anzinoni
7.6.1.4 Proper law theory
7.7 TRANSFER OF PROPERTY
7.7.1 Matter arising between parties to the transfer
Inglis v. Usherwood
Cammell v. Sewell
7.7.2 Questions affecting Third Parties
7.7.3 Special Types of Transfers
7.7.3.1 Gifts
Cochrane v. Moore
7.7.3.2 Donatio Mortis Causa
Requirements
7.7.3.3 Goods in Transit
7.7.3.4 Transit by Ships and Aircraft
Liverpool Marine Credit Co. v. Hunter
7.8 TRANSFER OF INTANGIBLE MOVABLES
7.8.1 Lex Domicile Theory
7.8.2 Lex situs theory
7.8.3 Lex loci actus theory
Republica de Guatemala v. Nunez
7.8.4 Proper Law Theory
7.9 ASSIGNMENT OF INTANGIBLES
7.10 VALIDITY OF THE CONTRACT OF ASSIGNMENT
7.10.1 Voluntary assignment
7.10.2 Assignability
7.10.3 Capacity to Assign
7.10.4 Intrinsic validity
7.10.5 Formalities
7.10.6 Priorities
Keppy v. Selwyn
7.10.7 Indian law
Rabindra N. Maitra v. Life Insurance Corporation of India
7.10.8 Assignment under the Rome Convention
7.11 INVOLUNTARY ALIENATION
7.11.1 Garnishment / Attachment
Swiss Bank Corporation v. Boehmische Industrial Bank
Re Banque Des Merchants De Moscou
Arab Bank v. Barclays Bank
7.11.2 Recognition of Foreign Garnishment Orders
7.11.3 Indian Law
State Aided Bank of Travancore v. Dhirit Ram
Delhi Cloth and General Mills Ltd. v. Harnam Singh
7.12 INTANGIBLE MOVABLES REPRESENTED BY DOCUMENTS
7.12.1 Shares
Colonial Bank v. Cody
7.12.2 Indian Law
Chapter Eight
RULES GOVERNING LAW OF TORTS
8.1 THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS EXPLAINING THE CHOICE
OF LAW
8.1.1 The Lex Fori Theory
8.1.2 The Lex Loci Commissi Theory
Objections to solution -1
Objections to solution -2
Objections to solution -3
8.1.3 Proper Law or Social Environment Theory
8.2 JURISDICTION ISSUES
8.2.1 Cause of Action and Locus Delicti
8.3 CHOICE OF LAW
8.3.1 The English Approach
8.3.2 The Common Law Rules
Strand 1— Actionable as a Tort according to the
English Law
Strand 2— Not justiciable according to the lex loci delicti
8.4 DEFENCES
8.5 MARITIME TORTS
8.6 AERIAL TORTS
Chapter Nine
RULES GOVERNING COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS
9.1 PROPER LAW OF CONTRACT
9.2 WHEN PARTIES HAVE MADE THE CHOICE
Freedom of choice
9.2.1 Incorporation of Foreign Law into the Contract
Re Helbert Wagg & Co. Ltd.’s Claims
9.2.2 Are parties free to choose any law as proper law?
Arbitration cases
9.3 IMPLIED CHOICE OF LAW
9.4 WHERE THE PARTIES HAVE NOT EXPRESSED ANY
INTENTION—THE REAL AND SUBSTANTIAL
CONNECTION THEORY
9.5 FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT
9.5.1 Material Validity
9.5.2 Formal validity
9.6 CAPACITY
9.7 SCOPE OF THE APPLICABLE LAW UNDER THE
CONVENTION
9.8 LIMITATIONS ON THE APPLICABLE LAW
9.8.1 Mandatory Rules
9.8.2 Public Policy
9.8.3 Contracts contrary to Procedural Law
9.9 CONSTRUCTION OR INTERPRETATION OF A CONTRACT
9.10 DISCHARGE OF CONTRACT
Indian law
Chapter Ten
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT AT COMMON LAW
10.2.1 Requirements for recognition and enforcement
10.2.2 Jurisdiction of the foreign court
10.2.2.1 Residence
10.2.2.2 Submission
10.2.3 Additional requirements
10.2.4 Defences in the plea for enforcement of foreign judgment
10.2.4.1 Fraud
10.2.4.2 Contrary to natural justice
10.2.4.3 Contrary to public policy
10.2.4.4 Limitation of actions
10.2.4.5 Res judicata
10.3 INDIAN LAW
10.3.1 Refusal to recognize on reasons of violation of Natural
Justice Principles
10.3.2 Refusal to Recognize for reasons of Fraud
10.3.3 Refusal to Recognize for reasons of Breach of any Indian Law
10.3.4 Refusal to Recognize for reasons of Merits of the Case
10.3.5 Where the judgment is passed disregarding the Indian
Law or the International Law
10.4 FOREIGN JUDGMENT AND RES JUDICATA
10.5 Rule of Reciprocity
10.6 MODE OF ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS
10.7 EXECUTION PROCEEDINGS
10.8 ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS - INDIAN COURTS
10.9 ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN AWARDS
10.9.1 Enforcement and Execution
10.9.2 Refusal of Enforcement of the Foreign Award
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