CHAPTER 1
CRIME, CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY
• Historical Development
• Concept of crime
• Crime in Primitive Societies
• System of Ordeals
• Crime in 12th and 13th Centuries
• Crime as Social and Economic Phenomenon
• Explanation of Crime
• New Concept of Crime
• Characteristics of the Criminal Law
• Politically
• Specificity
• Uniformity
• Punitive Aspects of Criminal Law
• Conventional View of Crime
• Characteristics of Crime
• Exceptions to the Generalizations
• Basic Elements of Crimes
• Definition of Crime
• Formal Definition of Crime
• Goodhart simply called crime as any act which is penalized by the State
• What is Crime? Who is the Criminal?
• Classification of Crimes
• Punitive Purposes
• Statistical Purposes
• Theoretical Purposes
• Early Concept of Crime
• Identification of the Criminal
• Who is the Criminal?
• Crime as Group Conflict
• Basis of Criminalization
• Origins of Criminology
• Nature and Scope of Criminology
• Problem of Crime Control
• Principles of Criminology
• The Scope and Area of the Study of Criminology
• Notion of Deviance
• Deviance
• Characteristics of Deviation
• Attribution of Deviation
• Types of Deviation
• Approaches to the Study of Deviance
• Crime as a Deviance
• Object of Study of Criminology
• What is Criminology?
• Definition of Criminology
• Importance of Criminology
• Indian Concept of Criminology
• Criminology-Whether Science or Not?
• Various Approaches on Possibility of Science of Criminology
• Why Criminology is not a Pure Science?
• Criminology in relation to Social Sciences
• Schools of Criminology
1. Pre-Classical School of Criminology-Demonological Theory
• Theology of Saint Aquinas (1225-1274)
• Criticism
2. The Classical School-Free Will Theory
• The Doctrine of Psychological Hedonism
• Background
• Basis for Free Will Theory
• Pioneers of the Classical School
• Pleasure and Pain Theory
• Basic Principles of Beccaria's System of Justice
• Contribution
• Criticism
• Conclusion
3. Neo-Classical School
• Contribution
• Criticism
• Conclusion
4. Typological Schools
• Positive School
• Intellectual and Scientific atmosphere of educated people in Europe and America
• Positivism
• The Italian Positive School
• Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909)
• Contribution
• Criticism
• Conclusion
• Enrico Ferri (1856-1928)
• Ferri's Idea of Punishment
• Ferri as a Socialist
• Contribution
• Criticism
• Raffaele Garofalo (1852-1934)
• His Work
• Self Conscious Positivist
• His Concept of 'Natural Crime'
• Criticism
CHAPTER 2
PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME
• Meaning of Criminal Psychology
• History of Criminal Psychology
• Personality of the Individual and Psychology
• Purpose and Scope of Criminal Psychology
• Methods of Psychological Investigation
• The Central Concept of Human Nature as the Object of Psychological Study
• Some Psychological Categories
• Special Psychological Fields
• Abnormal Psychology
• Human Traits
• Relation to Normative Discipline
• Applied Psychology
• Psychology of the Abnormal
• Types of Abnormal Behavior
• Causes of Abnormal Behavior
• Relation between Criminology and Psychology
• Relation between Criminology and Psychiatry
• Moral Insanity and Relation to Psychology
• Contribution of Freud's Followers
• Punishment and Psychoanalytic Personalities
• The Psychological Thinking of the Sociologist
• Natural History of a Delinquent Career
• Personality Research in Criminology
• Psychological v. Psycho-Analytical Approach to Crime
• Freud Contribution to the Psychology
• Psychoanalytic Theories of Aggression
• Aggression in Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorist Approach to Crime
• Definition of Criminal Behavior,
• Psychodynamics of Criminal Behavior
(1) Psychodynamics and Criminal Motivations
(II) Relation to General Psychodynamics
(III) Mental Deficiencies and Crime
(IV) The Contribution of Psychoses to Criminality
(A) The Paranoiac
(B) The Schizophrenias
(C) The Manic-Depressive Psychoses
(D) Epilepsy and Alcoholism
(E) Organic Brain Diseases
(V) Criminality within the Framework of Neuroses.
(A) Neuroses v. Psychopathic Personality
(B) The Sexual Offenses
(VI) Psychopathy and Criminality
(VII) Psychodynamics of Specific Crime Activities
(A) Overt Crime and Vicarious Intent
(B) Is the Criminal a Responsible Agent?
(C) Crimes against Property
(D) Crimes against Morals
(E) Crimes against Persons
(F) Child and Juvenile Delinquency
(VIII) Advances in Typology and Psychodynamics of Psychopathy
(A) Spurious or Deceptive Types of Psychopathy
(B) Present Consensus of Genesis of Primary Psychopathy
(IX) Divergent Trends in Law and Psychiatry
(A) Meeting the Criticisms
(B) Differences in Viewpoints on Specific Problems
(C) Specific Influences in Prison Negating Treatment.
(X) ................................................................... The Tasks Ahead
• Mental Illness and Crime
Human Aggression and Violence to Crime
• Types of Aggression
• Physical, Verbal, Direct and Indirect Aggression
• Categories of Aggression
• Causes of Aggression
• The Distinction between personological and situational factors
• Emergence of Aggression in Early Childhood
• Emergence of Gender Difference
• Aggression from Childhood to Adulthood
• Recent Developments
• Models of Aggression
• Biosocial interactions
• Provocation
• Frustration
• Pain and Discomfort
• Bad moods
• Social stress
• Factors that interfere with aggression
• Beliefs and attitudes about appropriateness of aggression
• Environmental factors
• Family, community, and cultural environment
• Moral justifications
• Media violence
• Social environments
• Biological factors
• Conclusion
CHAPTER 3
PSYCHOMETRIC TEST-ITS USE IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
• Criminal Profiling
• History of Criminal Profiling
• Definition of Criminal Profiling
• Process of Profiling Criminal Personality
• Factors underlying criminal profiling
• Merits of Criminal Profiling
• Demerits of the Criminal Profiling
• Conclusions
CHAPTER 4
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY-CONCEPT AND IMPORTANCE
• Definition of Forensic Psychology’
• Basis of Forensic Psychology
• Practical Aspects of Forensic Psychology
• The Scope of Work of Forensic Psychologist
• Major Components of Forensic Psychology
(i) Police Psychology (Recruitment, Job Stress)
(ii) Investigative Psychology
(iii) Criminal Profiling
(iv) Polygraph
(v) Brain Mapping
(vi) Narco Analysis
(vii) Interview and Cognitive Interview
(viii) Psychological Assessment
(ix) Clinical Psychology (Assessment) Prediction
(x) Prison (Correctional) Psychology
1. Forensic Psychology—Assessment and Evaluation
2. Historical background of forensic psychology in India and abroad
• Importance of science and technology in criminal investigation
• History of forensic psychology in India
• India's valuable contribution with respect to crime detection
• History and development of forensic psychology in Europe
• Role of Forensic Psychologists in the Courtroom
3. Role of Forensic Psychologist in Criminal Justice System
(a) Interview
(b) Cognitive Interview
(c) Polygraph
(d) Brain Mapping
(e) Hypnosis/Narco-Hypnosis
(f) Criminal Profiling
4. Application of Psychology in Court
• Forensic Psychology in Criminal Court
5. Forensic Psychology in Civil Court
6. Psychological Services in Family Court
7. Application of psychology in prison
• Psychological effects of prison
CHAPTER 5
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES-CRIME AND
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
• Sociological theories
• Introduction
1. Social Structure Theory
• Criticism
2. Social Disorganization Theory
• Introduction
• Social disorganization and urban crime
• Research on Social Disorganization
• Objective Indicators of Social Disorganisation
• Disorganisation and Its Consequences
3. Merton's Theory of Social Structure and Anomie
• Introduction
• Classic strain theories
• Merton
• Durkheim and Merton on Strain Theory
• Criticism
• Differences between Durkheim and Merton
• Durkheim and Merton : A Comparison
• Contribution of Merton
• Criticism
• Merton's explanation of "innovation"
• Conclusion
CHAPTER 6
SUB-CULTURAL THEORIES
1. Cohen's Theory of Delinquent Subculture
• Introduction
• Albert Cohen
• Influence of Sutherland
• Cohen's lower-class juvenile theory
• Role of American Society
• Cohen's Working-Class Socialization
• Evaluation of Cohen's Theory
• Cohen and Merton Differentiate
• Contribution
• Criticism
• Cloward and Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Structure'
• Cloward and Ohlin's Gang Delinquency
• Contribution
• Criticism
CHAPTER 7
CRIME AND SOCIAL PROCESS
1. Introduction
• Explanations of Criminal Behavior
• Differential Social Organization
• Interactional and Normative Dimensions
2. Differential Association Theory
• The work of Edwin H. Sutherland
• His Theory of Differential Association
• Sutherland's Multiple Factor Approach
• Criticism
• Contribution
• Differential Reinforcement
• Imitation
• The Social Learning Process
3. Neutralization and Drift Theory
• Matza's Delinquency and Drift
• Matza's "Soft Determinism"
• Contribution
• Interpretation of Theory
• Criticism
4. Hirschi's Social Control or Social Bond Theory
• Introduction
• Background of Social Bonding Theory
• Analysis of Hirschi’s Theory
• Assessment of Social Control Theory
• The Central Concept and Propositions of Social Bonding Theory
• Measures of Social Bonding Concepts
• Evaluation of Hirschi's Theory
• Gottfredson and Hirschi's A General Theory of Crime
• Evaluation of Gottfredson and Hirschi's
• Criticism
• Conclusion
5. Becker's Labeling Theory
• Introduction
• What is Labelling Theory?
• Labeling as an Variable in Deviant Behavior
• Significance of Labeling Theory
• Labeling or Social Interactionism
• Labeling of Interactionism
• Labeling Behaviour : Societal Reaction
• Achievement of Labeling Theory
• Various views on Labeling Perspective
• Becker's Contributions
• Criticism
• Conclusion
6. Self-Control and Self-Esteem as Related to Crime
• Introduction
• Reiss’ and Nye's Theories of Internal and External Controls...
• Reckless' Containment Theory
• Self-Concept and Containment Theory
• Gottfredson and Hirschi's Self-Control Theory
• Low Self-Control as the Cause of Criminal Behavior
• Relationship between Self-Control Theory and Social bonding Theory
• Rival Theories
• Testability of Self-Control Theory
• Various Researches Testing Self-Control Theory
• Empirically Testing Self-Control Theory
• Conclusion
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